HOSSTILE SILO[9] EAA + Hydration Powder

Trimagnesium dicitrate is the fully neutralized salt of three magnesium ions with two citrate ions (C12H10Mg3O14, molecular weight 451; PubChem CID 6099959), about 16% magnesium by weight. The label counts elemental magnesium: 100 mg of it is roughly 620 mg of the salt, about 4% of the scoop. It is a water-soluble form; the oxide form sold in many tablets is not.

Why it is here: The listing groups magnesium with sodium and potassium as the electrolyte part of an ‘EAA + Hydration’ powder and says the three ‘support hydration and replenish electrolytes lost in sweat’; it makes no magnesium-specific claim.

• Normal volunteers given a single 25 mmol (about 608 mg) oral load: magnesium citrate raised 4-hour urinary magnesium far more than magnesium oxide (0.22 vs 0.006 mg per mg creatinine, p<0.05, within-subject). Citrate was 55% soluble in water; oxide was virtually insoluble. About six times this scoop's dose. PubMed ›
• 46 healthy adults took 300 mg magnesium a day for 60 days as citrate, amino-acid chelate, oxide or placebo (randomized, double-blind): citrate and the chelate, pooled, gave higher 24-hour urinary magnesium than oxide at 60 days (P=0.033; after outlier adjustment per a 2025 extraction of the full text, with no differences after a single dose) and citrate the greatest serum magnesium (P=0.006). The chelate was not separated from citrate on absorption and sat below it on serum; oxide did not differ from placebo. Three times this scoop's dose; the magnesium-forms card below has the detail. PubMed ›
• Systematic review of 14 randomized trials in healthy adults (100–866 mg/day; part-funded by K+S, a mineral-salt producer): magnesium citrate and chloride well absorbed, magnesium oxide poorly, attributed partly to oxide's poor solubility; most trials were small crossovers. PubMed ›
• 16 healthy volunteers taking about 255 mg magnesium a day: oxide showed 4% fractional absorption while chloride, lactate and aspartate were higher and equal to each other (within-subject). Citrate was not tested; a soluble inorganic salt matched the organic ones, so solubility rather than an ‘organic’ label explains the differences. PubMed ›
• A 2017 review of magnesium bioavailability concludes that ‘the type of Mg2+ salt appears less relevant than is often thought’ and that ‘the Mg2+ dose is a major factor controlling the amount of Mg2+ absorbed’. PubMed ›
• Healthy adults given 0–80 mEq magnesium with a meal: the fraction absorbed fell from 65% at the lowest intake to 11% at the highest (within-subject). A 100 mg (about 8 mEq) dose sits at the efficient end of that curve; the study gives no figure for citrate taken in water. PubMed ›
• The 1997 Dietary Reference Intakes report set the adult tolerable upper intake level for supplemental magnesium at 350 mg a day, with diarrhea the limiting factor (restated in a 2023 perspective, self-described as arguing the level is too low, in which seven studies at 128–1,200 mg/day found no significant difference in diarrhea from controls). This scoop is 29% of that ceiling. PubMed ›
• The FDA Daily Value for magnesium is 420 mg (fda.gov, ‘Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels’, 2024): 100 mg is 23.8%, matching the panel's 24% DV; the listing text's 50 mg would be 12% DV. The two label versions cannot both be right.
• From food alone, 48% of the US population consumed less than the required magnesium in 2005–2006, down from 56% in 2001–2002, per a review whose first author is at a magnesium-advocacy center. A 100 mg serving is a modest top-up against that gap, not repletion. PubMed ›
• Meta-analysis of 14 randomized trials (542 participants): no significant between-group improvement in strength, peak torque or power from magnesium supplementation in athletes and active people with relatively high magnesium status; possible benefit noted only in deficient groups. PubMed ›
• A review of 12 trials in athletes and active adults (116–500 mg/day, 1 day to 3 months) finds most show no effect of magnesium supplementation on strength, anaerobic or aerobic performance; magnesium status was rarely measured. The 100 mg here is below the lowest dose reviewed. PubMed ›
• A USDA review: supplementing physically active people with adequate magnesium status has not been shown to enhance performance; benefit is expected only where status is low. Hard training may raise the requirement by roughly 10–20%. PubMed ›
• 9 male recreational runners kept on a low-magnesium diet took 500 mg a day for 7 days before a downhill 10 km run (double-blind crossover): IL-6 and soreness fell versus placebo (within-subject), but time-trial performance and 24-hour muscle force showed no significant improvement. Five times this scoop's dose, in a deficiency setting. PubMed ›
• Whole-body sweat magnesium averaged 9.8 ± 4.8 mg/L in 8 trained athletes cycling 90 minutes in the heat (author at the Gatorade Sports Science Institute): 1–2 litres of sweat loses about 10–20 mg. The 100 mg ingested here is several times that, before allowing for incomplete absorption. PubMed ›
• Symptomatic hypermagnesemia is very rare in people with normal kidneys and usually iatrogenic; magnesium leaves the body through the kidneys, which is why the standard caution for impaired kidney function applies even at 100 mg. PubMed ›

At 100 mg, trimagnesium citrate is a soluble, well-absorbed form supplying about a quarter of the Daily Value, well under the 350 mg supplemental ceiling and more than a session's sweat loss. Pooled trials show no significant performance, strength or recovery benefit in magnesium-replete active adults. The 100 mg vs 50 mg label discrepancy must be settled against the tub.

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Leucine, isoleucine and valine are the three essential amino acids with a branched side chain. Here they are free-form L-amino acids at 3,000, 1,500 and 1,500 mg, a 2:1:1 ratio by weight. ‘Fermented’ means made by bacterial fermentation of plant sugars (Corynebacterium glutamicum or E. coli), the standard industrial route and a non-animal source. ‘Instantized’ is a manufacturers' term for powder processed to wet and disperse quickly in water; no peer-reviewed source specific to amino acids was found, so it is described here, not cited.

Why it is here: The listing's second bullet: ‘Full-spectrum essential amino acids (EAAs) with 8g EAAs, including 6g fermented instantized BCAAs (2:1:1), to support muscle recovery and lean muscle goals.*’

• An engineering review (no competing interests) cites a market report putting 2:1:1 products at 87.1% of the BCAA market and describes fermentation replacing chemical synthesis and protein hydrolysis as the economical route. 2:1:1 is documented as a market convention, not a tested optimum. PubMed ›
• The only direct ratio comparison found is in finishing pigs on protein-restricted diets (2:1:1 versus 2:1:2, on lipid metabolism; the authors recommended 2:1:2). No human trial comparing BCAA ratios on exercise or muscle outcomes was located. Animal data. PubMed ›
• 8 healthy children studied over 42 days by indicator amino-acid oxidation (no competing interests): leucine given without isoleucine and valine ‘limited total body protein synthesis’, and among the medical-formula ratios tested about 3:1:1 was best. The principle that the other two must accompany leucine is what a 2:1:1 blend satisfies. PubMed ›
• Microbial fermentation with Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum is the major method for producing L-leucine (review). ‘Fermented’ on this label names the ordinary manufacturing route; no source shows fermentation-made amino acids act differently in the body from the same amino acids made any other way. PubMed ›
• Resistance-trained young men (10, crossover; GlaxoSmithKline-funded): 5.6 g BCAA alone after lifting raised myofibrillar protein synthesis 22% over placebo across 0–4 h, the closest dose match to this scoop, while the authors write BCAA alone ‘does not maximally stimulate’ synthesis because the other essential amino acids run short. PubMed ›
• A review (author with amino-acid industry ties) argues BCAAs taken alone cannot sustain muscle protein synthesis because the other essential amino acids become rate-limiting. This scoop's six other essential amino acids answer that argument, so any synthesis statement belongs to the whole mixture rather than to the BCAA fraction or its ratio. PubMed ›
• The International Society of Sports Nutrition's protein position stand: acute doses should carry 700–3,000 mg of leucine with a balanced array of the essential amino acids, and ‘it is the EAAs that are required to stimulate MPS’. This scoop's 3,000 mg leucine meets the figure. PubMed ›
• Meta-analysis of 8 studies (37 effects, 2007–2017): BCAA supplementation reduced delayed-onset muscle soreness after exercise training (effect size 0.73, 95% CI 0.50–0.96) — soreness, not performance. PubMed ›
• A systematic review of 11 BCAA-only studies (French public funding; no conflicts declared) finds the muscle-damage benefit confined to daily intakes above 200 mg per kg for more than 10 days, started at least 7 days before the damaging exercise. One scoop is about 75–86 mg/kg for a 70–80 kg adult (PearlQuant's arithmetic). PubMed ›
• 12 untrained young women took 100 mg/kg BCAA (about 7 g, roughly 2.3:1:1.2, a ratio close to this blend) or placebo before squats: the supplement suppressed the fall in muscle force, to about 80% of control, seen with placebo. The one ratio-matched human trial found; a small acute study. PubMed ›
• 5 healthy men took 77 mg/kg oral BCAA (about 5.4 g at 70 kg, close to this scoop) before 60 minutes of one-leg exercise: arterial BCAA doubled, muscle ammonia production rose (1,670 vs 1,112 µmol/kg, P<0.05, within-subject) and release of other essential amino acids fell, read as less protein breakdown. PubMed ›
• 9 well-trained cyclists rode three 100 km time trials with placebo, glucose, or glucose plus BCAA (crossover): finish times showed no significant difference (160.1, 157.2, 159.8 minutes), while plasma ammonia was significantly higher with BCAA (between-trial, P<0.05). PubMed ›
• 132 adults with overweight or obesity on a 24-week weight-loss programme took 0.1 g/kg/day BCAA (about 7 g, near this scoop), placebo or a high-protein diet: no significant between-group difference in insulin sensitivity or metabolic profile, and BCAA did not preserve lean mass. Funding not stated in the record. PubMed ›
• In 2,422 adults without diabetes followed 12 years (NIH-funded), higher fasting blood isoleucine, leucine and valine each predicted future type 2 diabetes (top versus lowest quartile). These are the body's own circulating levels in people not taking supplements; the study does not test whether a BCAA drink raises risk. PubMed ›
• A review (NIDDK-funded) presents the direction of causality between high circulating BCAA and insulin resistance as unresolved, including that insulin resistance may raise BCAA rather than the reverse; it gives no evidence for or against a 6 g intra-workout dose in healthy adults. PubMed ›
• Maple syrup urine disease, a rare inherited inability to break down BCAA, is managed by lifelong dietary BCAA restriction with close monitoring; a 6 g BCAA serving is incompatible with that diet (an inference from the restriction figures). PubMed ›
• A review of BCAA in health and disease advises strategies that ‘avoid adverse effects of BCAA on ammonia production in subjects with liver cirrhosis and urea cycle disorders’; BCAA are a studied therapy in cirrhosis, to be used under medical guidance rather than self-dosed from a sports product. PubMed ›

Six grams of 2:1:1 BCAA is a conventional, fermentation-made dose with no identified safety concern for healthy adults, and with the six other essential amino acids in the scoop it forms a complete mixture. Alone, BCAA at this dose give a modest, short-lived rise in muscle protein synthesis and, at larger multi-day doses, less soreness and a lower blood marker of muscle damage (creatine kinase) without faster recovery of strength; they have not been shown to build muscle or improve performance, and they measurably raise exercise ammonia.

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L-Leucine is the branched-chain essential amino acid most studied as the trigger of muscle protein synthesis, acting through the mTORC1 signalling pathway. Here it is 3,000 mg of free-form, fermentation-made leucine, half the blend and the largest single amino-acid amount on the panel.

Why it is here: The listing gives leucine the lead position and the largest amount in the blend; it makes no leucine-specific claim.

• In cultured human cells (NIH and HHMI funded), leucine binds the sensor protein Sestrin2, releasing GATOR2 and switching on mTORC1, the cell's growth signal; arginine did not. A mechanism in cells, not a human trial, and it says nothing about 3 g in a drink. PubMed ›
• Healthy young men at rest (grants: MRC and NIH): 3.42 g free leucine raised myofibrillar protein synthesis about 110% over the following hours against each man's fasted baseline (within-group). A short tracer surrogate with no exercise. PubMed ›
• 24 young men after one-leg resistance exercise (CIHR-funded): 6.25 g whey plus about 3 g leucine matched 25 g whey for protein synthesis at 1–3 h, but at 3–5 h only the full whey dose stayed elevated (184% vs 55%, between-group, P=0.036). A 3 g-leucine drink does not replace a protein meal. PubMed ›
• 40 young men after resistance exercise (double-blind): over 1.5–4.5 h, synthesis was greatest after 25 g whey (about 267%) and after a low-protein drink brought to 5.0 g total leucine (about 220%, P=0.002); the 3.0 g total-leucine arm did not reach that level. PubMed ›
• 20 untrained young adults eating adequate protein took 3.0 g leucine or placebo after each session for 8 weeks of resistance training (double-blind): muscle cross-sectional area rose 8.9% vs 9.6% and leg press 33% vs 37% (leucine vs placebo, P>0.05) — no significant added muscle or strength at exactly this label's dose. Small and underpowered. PubMed ›
• Meta-analysis of 9 randomized trials in older adults: leucine raised the muscle protein fractional synthetic rate versus control (SMD 1.08, 95% CI 0.50–1.67) but did not change lean body mass (SMD 0.18, 95% CI −0.18 to 0.54, P=0.32). Supports ‘stimulates synthesis’, not ‘builds muscle’, and only in the elderly. PubMed ›
• 5 healthy young men took leucine stepwise from 50 to 1,250 mg/kg/day over 29 study days (within-subject): plasma leucine and blood ammonia rose above 500 mg/kg/day, and the authors flag intakes over about 39 g/day as a possible risk. This scoop's 3 g (about 43 mg/kg) is near the lowest step. PubMed ›

Three grams of leucine acutely raises muscle protein synthesis for a few hours in tracer studies and is far below any proposed upper level. In untrained adults eating enough protein, the same 3 g after training added no significant muscle or strength over 8 weeks.

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L-Isoleucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid, an isomer of leucine with the same formula and a different branch position. Here it is 1,500 mg of free-form, fermentation-made isoleucine, a quarter of the blend.

Why it is here: The listing includes it as the first ‘1’ of the 2:1:1 ratio and makes no isoleucine-specific claim. In the research literature its distinctive interest is glucose uptake into muscle.

• Rats given oral isoleucine (authors employed by Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory): skeletal-muscle glucose uptake 73% greater than controls (between-group) and lower plasma glucose, while leucine did not; companion work used 0.3 g/kg, roughly 21 g for a 70 kg person, more than ten times this label's 1.5 g. Animal data. PubMed ›
• 12 healthy lean adults received isoleucine 5 g or 10 g or control into the stomach 15 minutes before a mixed-nutrient drink (randomized crossover): 10 g reduced the 60-minute glucose rise (P<0.01); 5 g showed no significant effect. This label's 1.5 g sits below the dose that was null. PubMed ›
• 15 healthy men received 10 g leucine, isoleucine, valine or control before a mixed drink (double-blind crossover; NHMRC-funded): isoleucine and leucine lowered peak glucose versus control and versus valine (P<0.05), partly by slowing stomach emptying. At rest, at 10 g, with no exercise endpoint. PubMed ›
• 8 trained men took placebo, leucine, BCAA or full EAA around resistance exercise (crossover): mTORC1 signaling ordered placebo < leucine < BCAA < EAA at 90 minutes, and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation with BCAA and EAA was 40% above leucine alone at 180 minutes (between-arm, P<0.05). Signaling, not measured protein synthesis; doses not in the abstract. PubMed ›
• In the children's indicator-oxidation study above, leucine without isoleucine and valine limited whole-body protein synthesis; isoleucine's documented role is as a companion to leucine rather than an independent effect at 1.5 g. PubMed ›

At 1.5 g, isoleucine's job in this scoop is to accompany leucine so the blend is not leucine alone. Human glucose-lowering effects appeared only at 10 g, not 5 g, and the muscle glucose-uptake data are from rats at far higher doses, so no independent effect is plausible at this amount.

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L-Valine is the third branched-chain essential amino acid, with the smallest side chain of the three. Here it is 1,500 mg of free-form, fermentation-made valine, a quarter of the blend.

Why it is here: The listing includes it to complete the 2:1:1 ratio and makes no valine-specific claim. The one mechanism specific to valine and isoleucine in sports formulas is competition with tryptophan for brain uptake, the ‘central fatigue’ idea.

• In the same 15-man crossover, 10 g valine before a mixed drink did not lower peak glucose (unlike 10 g leucine or isoleucine, P<0.05) and raised glucagon versus control — no independent metabolic benefit, even at nearly seven times this label's dose. PubMed ›
• 7 glycogen-lowered trained cyclists drank a BCAA solution or flavored water during 80 minutes of cycling (crossover): perceived exertion 7% lower and mental fatigue 15% lower with BCAA, and the rise in the free-tryptophan-to-BCAA ratio blunted, but maximal work in the final 20 minutes showed no significant difference. Dose not in the abstract. PubMed ›
• A review finds that drugs altering serotonin in humans failed to change exercise capacity and calls serotonin's role in central fatigue ‘often overrated’, pointing instead to dopamine and noradrenaline mainly in the heat. It examined drugs, not BCAA, and weakens the premise behind ‘valine fights fatigue’. PubMed ›
• In the 100 km cycling crossover above, adding BCAA to glucose did not change finish time but raised plasma ammonia; valine shares in that ammonia load without buying endurance performance. PubMed ›
• No tolerable upper intake level has been established for valine or isoleucine, and no national agency has adopted any amino-acid upper level; a 2023 review states that long-term effects of single amino-acid supplements in humans remain unknown. 1.5 g is a modest dose by any standard reviewed. PubMed ›

At 1.5 g, valine completes the 2:1:1 ratio and otherwise has no demonstrated independent effect: the one human valine-alone trial found no glucose benefit at 10 g, and BCAA drinks lowered perceived effort without changing performance.

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Magnesium is always sold bound to something: an organic acid (citrate, malate, lactate, orotate, threonate), an amino acid (glycinate/bisglycinate, taurate) or an inorganic partner (oxide, chloride). A chelate is a metal ion held by a ligand that binds through two or more atoms at once, closing a ring; bisglycinate meets that definition, trimagnesium citrate is classed as an organic salt, and taurine's sulfonate is a weak binder, so 'magnesium taurate' is better described as a salt or complex. Approximate magnesium by weight: oxide 60%, citrate 16%, bisglycinate 14%, taurate 9%, orotate 6.6% (formula weights, not a cited trial).

Why it is here: Walker 2003 is the one trial on this page with an amino-acid chelate arm; this card sets out what it showed for the chelate and what the evidence says for the other magnesium forms, including the magnesium taurate PearlQuant also reviews.

• Walker 2003 (46 analysed of 51 enrolled; 300 mg magnesium a day for 60 days as amino-acid chelate, citrate, oxide or placebo): the abstract reports the chelate only pooled with citrate as ‘the organic forms’, which had greater 24-hour urinary magnesium than oxide at 60 days (P=0.033). It gives no chelate-versus-citrate contrast on any endpoint; citrate alone was greatest on serum magnesium (P=0.026 after one dose, P=0.006 at 60 days) and on saliva at 60 days; red-cell magnesium showed no differences; oxide did not differ from placebo. The amino acid is not named. PubMed ›
• A 2025 systematic review's extraction of Walker's full text (part-funded by K+S, a mineral-salt producer) adds that urinary magnesium showed no significant treatment differences acutely or chronically before outlier adjustment, that the 60-day organic-versus-oxide difference is reported after that adjustment against two placebos (cellulose and sorbitol), and that citrate was the only arm with a significant serum rise from its own baseline (0.68 to 0.73 mmol/L). PubMed ›
• An independent review (authors declare no conflict) tabulates Walker's analysed intakes as 269 mg a day of magnesium in the chelate arm, 255 in citrate and 280 in oxide, with no dietary control; its only summary is that citrate and chelate were both better absorbed than oxide, with no ranking between the two. Its conclusion across trials: ‘The type of Mg2+ salt appears less relevant than is often thought.’ PubMed ›
• Magnesium diglycinate, a true bisglycinate chelate, against oxide in 12 ileal-resection patients (NIH/FDA-funded; single 100 mg dose, stable-isotope crossover): absorption ‘not different for the two supplements (23.5% vs 22.8% for magnesium chelate and MgO)’; the chelate did better only in the four worst oxide absorbers (23.5% vs 11.8%). Not healthy adults. PubMed ›
• Single-dose crossover in healthy adults (350 mg as bisglycinate, citrate, oxide or a trademarked ‘sucrosomial’ product; funding not stated): the only significant results favoured the trademarked product, including over bisglycinate in red cells. No bisglycinate advantage over citrate or oxide was found. PubMed ›
• Systematic review of 14 human studies (no competing interests): ‘Inorganic formulations appear to be less bioavailable than organic ones, and the percentage of absorption is dose dependent’; all magnesium supplements maintain physiological levels in healthy people without a prior deficit; it names no single form as better than the others. PubMed ›
• Chloride, lactate and aspartate in healthy volunteers at about 255 mg a day: ‘significantly higher and equivalent bioavailability’ to one another, all above oxide (4% fractional absorption). A soluble inorganic salt matched the organic ones, so solubility, not the ligand, explains the differences. PubMed ›
• 18 healthy women taking 365–500 mg a day as citrate/lactate tablets, hydroxide or chloride solution: ‘There was no statistical difference in urine elimination after intake of the different preparations.’ PubMed ›
• Animal data: 80 magnesium-depleted rats given ten salts with a tracer absorbed 50–67% from every salt; ‘the organic pidolate, citrate, gluconate and aspartate salts resulted in higher urinary 26Mg excretion than with inorganic salts’, though only slightly. Malate, gluconate and pidolate have no healthy-adult head-to-head trial. PubMed ›
• Animal data, and the source behind the ‘hourly bioavailability timeline’ charts that supplement brands publish: a single-dose rat study (Sprague Dawley, 400 mg per 70 kg) of sulfate, oxide, acetyl taurate, citrate and malate found ‘the area under the curve calculation is highest in the magnesium malate’, acetyl taurate second and fastest, with the highest brain level, and oxide and citrate lowest. The taurine compound tested is magnesium ACETYL taurate, a different molecule from magnesium taurate; no human timeline exists for either, and the rat ranking of citrate contradicts the human trials above. PubMed ›
• Magnesium taurate, the only human study found: adults with raised blood pressure (121 enrolled, 110 analysed) took a taurate–potassium citrate combination (121 mg magnesium plus 180 mg potassium a day) for 3 months with lifestyle counselling; ambulatory pressure fell about 11/8 mmHg and serum magnesium rose 0.1 mg/dL (within-group). Single-arm, no placebo, no comparator form, and a combination product, so nothing is attributable to the taurate form; the authors write that ‘causal inference was limited, underscoring the need for randomized trials’. PubMed ›
• The heart story for magnesium taurate traces to a 1996 hypothesis paper proposing the complex ‘may thus have considerable potential as a vascular-protective nutritional supplement’; it tested nothing and generated no data. PubMed ›
• Animal data: cadmium-poisoned rats (6 per group) given 2–4 mg/kg a day of magnesium taurate, the Cardiovascular Research product, for two weeks had restored blood pressure and heart antioxidant measures versus poisoned controls (no external funding); no absorption endpoint, no human arm. PubMed ›
• Magnesium L-threonate (Magtein): 44 older adults with cognitive impairment, 12 weeks, funded and authored by the developer: urinary magnesium excretion rose relative to placebo (p=0.027, from the full text), plasma magnesium was higher only at week 6, and a composite cognitive score improved versus placebo. No other magnesium form was compared. PubMed ›
• Animal data: the ‘raises brain magnesium’ claim for L-threonate comes from a rat study by the compound's developer (NIH-funded); no human brain or spinal-fluid magnesium measurement exists for the compound. PubMed ›
• Magnesium orotate: 79 severe heart-failure patients took 6 then 3 g of the salt a day for about a year (double-blind, placebo): survival 75.7% versus 51.6% (p<0.05). A pharmaceutical-dose cardiac adjunct with no absorption endpoint, published as a letter with an erratum; not relevant to 100 mg supplement doses. PubMed ›
• What a chelate is, from a chemistry paper funded by Balchem (owner of the chelate maker Albion; in vitro): a glycine peptide forms ‘a 6-coordinate octahedral magnesium complex via tetradentate HG3’, a ring around the metal. Whether a given powder is that structure or a blend of a magnesium salt with glycine is a manufacturing question no human trial here tested. PubMed ›
• The only regulator-style definition of ‘metal amino acid chelate’ is AAFCO's for animal feed: ‘the product resulting from the reaction of a metal ion from a soluble metal salt with amino acids with a mole ratio of 1 mole of metal to 1 to 3 (preferably 2) moles of amino acids’ (reproduced by two Alltech employees). It governs feed, not human supplements. PubMed ›
• ‘Fully reacted’, as in the Cardiovascular Research Magnesium Taurate listing's ‘a fully reacted complex and not simply a blend of the two materials’, has no definition in US food or supplement regulation: a full-text search of the eCFR on 2026-10-06 finds the phrase only in EPA polymer rules (40 CFR 721), never in Title 21. Manufacturer wording.

What separates magnesium forms in healthy adults appears to be mainly whether the salt dissolves, not which ligand is attached: chloride, lactate, aspartate and citrate all out-absorbed oxide and were not separated from one another on urinary excretion; in Walker's trial an amino-acid chelate, reported together with citrate, also out-absorbed oxide, though citrate alone gave the highest serum magnesium (red-cell magnesium did not differ). The healthy-adult comparisons cited here used 250–500 mg a day, so any difference at 100 mg is extrapolated. No trial found puts glycinate ahead of citrate; taurate has no human study comparing its absorption with other forms; threonate has a small developer-funded trial and orotate a small heart-failure trial, neither comparing forms. Plasma magnesium is tightly regulated and the kidney excretes the excess in replete people, so higher absorption is usually followed by higher urinary excretion.

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